Professional Goodwill vs. Enterprise Goodwill: Distinguishing Personal from Business Value During Divorce

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The legal dissolution of a marriage often brings complex financial questions to the surface, particularly when a family business or professional practice is involved. For many business owners in West Virginia, the company is not just a source of income; it represents decades of hard work, late nights, and personal sacrifice. When a divorce filing lands on the desk, the immediate fear is often whether the business will survive the separation or if it must be sold to satisfy a settlement.

What Is Goodwill in the Context of West Virginia Equitable Distribution?

Goodwill represents the value of a business that exceeds its tangible assets. If you sold all the desks, computers, trucks, and inventory, the remaining value—the reason customers keep coming back—is goodwill. In West Virginia, which follows the principle of equitable distribution, the court must classify all property as either marital or separate before it can be divided.

While tangible assets like real estate or vehicles are easy to classify, goodwill is far more nuanced. West Virginia courts recognize that goodwill can be a marital asset subject to division, but not all goodwill is treated equally. The distinction lies in the source of that value.

  • Marital Property: Generally includes assets acquired or appreciated during the marriage.
  • Separate Property: Assets owned before the marriage or acquired by gift or inheritance.
  • Intangible Assets: Non-physical assets like reputation, client lists, and brand recognition.

What Is Enterprise Goodwill?

Enterprise goodwill is the value attached to the business entity itself. It exists independently of any single individual. If the owner were to leave the company today, enterprise goodwill is the assurance that customers would continue to patronize the business tomorrow.

Characteristics of enterprise goodwill include:

  • Brand Recognition: A recognizable name, like a local car dealership or a franchised restaurant in Huntington or Morgantown.
  • Location: A prime storefront that generates foot traffic regardless of who owns the lease.
  • Workforce: A skilled team of employees who maintain client relationships and operations.
  • Systems and Patents: Proprietary technology or established business methods that function without the owner’s direct daily input.

In West Virginia family courts, enterprise goodwill is almost universally considered marital property. If the business was built or grew during the marriage, the value attributable to the enterprise is subject to equitable distribution. This means the non-owner spouse is entitled to a fair share of this value.

What Is Professional Goodwill?

Professional goodwill, often called personal goodwill, is the value attributed directly to the individual business owner’s personal skill, reputation, and relationships. It is the reason clients hire a specific person rather than just any available provider.

Characteristics of professional goodwill include:

  • Personal Reputation: A neurosurgeon known for a specific, difficult procedure.
  • Client Loyalty: A financial advisor whose clients would follow them to a new firm immediately.
  • Specialized Skill: An artist or consultant whose unique talents cannot be replicated by an employee.
  • Age and Health: The continued capacity of the professional to generate future earnings.

The legal treatment of professional goodwill is distinct. It is often viewed as indistinguishable from the individual’s future earning capacity. Since a spouse is not entitled to the other spouse’s post-divorce labor (other than through potential alimony), many jurisdictions, including West Virginia, treat personal goodwill as separate property.

How Does West Virginia Case Law Treat the Distinction?

The pivotal framework for this issue in our state comes from the Supreme Court of Appeals of West Virginia, particularly the May v. May decision. This case established a critical precedent for how family courts in Kanawha County and across the state must handle business valuations.

The court effectively ruled that while enterprise goodwill is a marital asset subject to division, professional goodwill is not. The rationale is that professional goodwill is personal to the holder. It represents their ability to generate future income. To count this as a marital asset and potentially use that same income stream to calculate spousal support (alimony) would constitute “double dipping.”

Therefore, the central task in any divorce involving a professional practice—whether it is a dental office, a law firm, or a consulting agency—is to separate these two distinct types of value.

Why Does This Distinction Matter for Your Financial Future?

The financial gap between a valuation that includes personal goodwill and one that excludes it can be substantial. For a business owner, successfully categorizing value as personal goodwill can save hundreds of thousands of dollars in the final settlement. Conversely, for a non-owner spouse, proving that the value resides in the enterprise is vital to receiving a fair share of the marital estate.

Consider the following implications:

  • Buyouts: If one spouse keeps the business, they must buy out the other’s share. A lower valuation (excluding personal goodwill) means a lower buyout payment.
  • Spousal Support: If personal goodwill is excluded from the asset division, the income generated by that goodwill is still available to be considered for alimony calculations.
  • Liquidity: Businesses often have value on paper but little cash. Reducing the marital value of the business eases the burden of finding liquid cash to pay an ex-spouse.

How Do Valuators Separate Personal from Enterprise Goodwill?

Since goodwill does not appear as a line item on a tax return, forensic accountants and business valuation professionals must use specific methodologies to estimate and separate these values. This is rarely a simple calculation and often requires expert testimony.

Common methods used by valuators in West Virginia include:

The “With and Without” Method: The valuator estimates the value of the business with the specific owner involved and compares it to the value of the business if that owner were to leave and compete against it.

Multi-Attribute Utility Model (MUM): This objective scoring system assigns points to various attributes to determine if they are personal or corporate.

  • Personal Attributes: Name on the door, personal referrals, high hourly billable rate.
  • Enterprise Attributes: Diverse client base, contracts with the firm entity, standardized production processes.

Sale of Similar Practices: Examining data from sales of similar businesses. If practices in a specific industry sell for a premium even after the founder leaves, it suggests high enterprise goodwill.

What Industries Are Most Affected by This Distinction?

While any business can have goodwill issues, specific professions in West Virginia frequently face these valuation challenges.

Medical and Dental Practices

Doctors often have high personal goodwill. Patients see Dr. Smith because they trust Dr. Smith. However, if the practice owns a surgery center, has five other associate doctors, and has contracts with local hospitals like CAMC or Ruby Memorial, substantial enterprise goodwill likely exists.

Law Firms

Solo practitioners usually possess almost entirely personal goodwill. A large firm with multiple partners, paralegals, and institutional clients (like insurance defense contracts) will have significant enterprise value.

Construction and Contracting

In West Virginia’s industrial sector, a construction company might rely on the owner’s bidding skill (personal) but also on the company’s bonding capacity, equipment fleet, and safety rating (enterprise).

Professional Consultants

Consultants often rely heavily on personal relationships. If the consultant retires, the revenue stream often stops, indicating the value was almost entirely personal.

What Strategies Should Business Owners Employ?

If you are a business owner facing divorce, proactive steps can help protect your interests and ensure a fair valuation.

  • Employment Agreements: Existing non-compete agreements can indicate that goodwill belongs to the employer (enterprise), while the absence of such agreements might suggest the goodwill travels with the individual.
  • Marketing Materials: Review how the business is marketed. Is the brand the individual, or is it the company logo and systems?
  • Organizational Structure: Evidence that the business runs smoothly while the owner is on vacation supports the argument for enterprise goodwill.
  • Past Transactions: If you previously bought out a partner, the terms of that deal can set a precedent for how goodwill is valued.

What Strategies Should Non-Owner Spouses Employ?

For the spouse who is not involved in the daily operations, the goal is to demonstrate that the business has value beyond the owner’s presence.

  • Focus on Transferability: Can the business be sold to a third party? If it can be sold, it likely has enterprise goodwill.
  • Identify Systems: Highlight proprietary software, customer databases, and recurring revenue models that do not depend on the owner.
  • Evaluate Staff Contributions: Show that other employees generate revenue and hold client relationships.
  • Review Buy-Sell Agreements: While not always binding on the divorce court, a buy-sell agreement that sets a high value for the company can be evidence of enterprise value.

How Does the “Double Dipping” Concept Apply?

“Double dipping” is a frequent point of contention in West Virginia divorces involving professional practices. It occurs when a court distributes the value of a business (which is based on future earnings) as a marital asset and then also uses those same future earnings to calculate alimony obligations.

The logic follows these steps:

  • Step 1: The valuator capitalizes the business’s future cash flow to determine its present value.
  • Step 2: The owner spouse pays the non-owner spouse half of that present value.
  • Step 3: The court orders the owner spouse to pay alimony based on the income they earn from the business.

Since the income was already used to determine the asset value in Step 1, using it again in Step 3 is considered inequitable. West Virginia courts are mindful of this. By classifying personal goodwill as separate property, the court avoids this overlap. The personal goodwill remains with the earner (protecting future income for support calculations), while the enterprise goodwill is divided as an asset.

What Documents Are Essential for a Fair Valuation?

To reach an accurate determination of professional versus enterprise goodwill, specific documentation is necessary. Whether you are the owner or the spouse, gathering these records is a vital first step.

  • Five Years of Tax Returns: Corporate and personal returns to show income trends.
  • Financial Statements: Profit and loss statements and balance sheets.
  • Aged Accounts Receivable: A list of who owes money to the business.
  • Client Lists: (Ideally anonymized) to show concentration of revenue.
  • Employment Contracts: For the owner and key employees.
  • Lease Agreements: Showing the value of the business location.
  • Offers to Purchase: Any letters of intent or offers from third parties to buy the business.

Securing Your Financial Future

A divorce involving a business requires a legal team that grasps both the emotional weight of the situation and the technical rigidity of the law. The outcome of the goodwill debate will likely influence your financial landscape for years to come. Whether you are fighting to retain the practice you built or seeking fair compensation for the years you supported its growth, the details matter. If you are facing a divorce in West Virginia that involves a business or professional practice, do not leave the valuation to chance.

We invite you to contact the Pence Law Firm online or call our office at 304-345-7250 to schedule a confidential consultation.

Gray Divorce Among the Wealthy: Special Considerations for Late-Life High-Asset Divorces

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The vision of retirement often involves travel, relaxation, and time spent with grandchildren. For decades, couples work toward this shared horizon, building wealth and accumulating assets to support their golden years. However, life does not always follow a linear path. When a marriage ends later in life—a phenomenon often called “gray divorce”—the financial and emotional landscape shifts dramatically.

Separating after a long-term marriage involves more than just signing papers. It requires the careful untangling of decades of shared financial history. For high-net-worth individuals in West Virginia, this process is particularly intricate. You are not just dividing a checking account; you are separating complex investment portfolios, retirement vehicles, business interests, and perhaps even mineral rights or family properties passed down through generations.

What Defines a Gray Divorce and Why It Is Different

Gray divorce typically refers to the dissolution of marriage among couples over the age of 50. While the legal mechanism for ending the marriage is the same as for younger couples, the stakes and priorities differ significantly. In a divorce involving younger spouses, the focus often lands on child custody and child support. In a late-life divorce, the children are usually adults, shifting the primary focus to financial security and asset preservation.

The timeline for financial recovery is the most distinct factor. A 30-year-old who loses half their assets in a divorce has decades of earning potential to rebuild their wealth. A 60-year-old or 70-year-old often does not have that luxury. You may be nearing the end of your peak earning years or may already be retired. Therefore, the division of assets is not just about fairness; it is about survival and maintaining a specific standard of living without the ability to generate new income.

Common Concerns in Late-Life Separation

  • Preserving Retirement Income: Ensuring that divided assets can still support your lifestyle for twenty or more years.
  • Health Insurance: Navigating the gap between employer coverage and Medicare eligibility.
  • Estate Legacy: Protecting what you intended to leave to your children or grandchildren.
  • Social Connectivity: managing the social shifts that occur when long-standing couple dynamics change.

The West Virginia Equitable Distribution Framework

To navigate a high-asset divorce, you must first grasp how West Virginia courts view property. West Virginia follows the rule of “equitable distribution.” This means the court divides marital property in a way that is fair, though not necessarily equal. While a 50/50 split is a common starting point, the court can deviate from this based on various factors.

Factors Influencing Distribution

  • Duration of the Marriage: In long-term marriages, where common in gray divorce, courts often lean toward an equal division of assets accumulated during the union.
  • Monetary and Non-Monetary Contributions: The court considers the financial contributions of one spouse alongside the homemaking and child-rearing contributions of the other.
  • Future Economic Opportunity: The court looks at the ability of each spouse to acquire capital assets and income in the future.
  • Tax Consequences: The immediate and future tax liabilities associated with different assets are weighed to ensure the division is truly equitable on an after-tax basis.

The definition of marital property includes almost everything acquired during the marriage, regardless of whose name is on the title or account. This includes retirement accounts, real estate, vehicles, and investment portfolios. Separate property, such as assets owned before the marriage or inheritances kept entirely separate, generally remains with the original owner, though comingling funds can complicate this status.

Interpreting the Division of Retirement Assets

For many high-net-worth couples, retirement accounts represent the largest portion of their wealth. Dividing these assets requires precision to avoid unnecessary taxes and penalties. The approach depends heavily on the type of account being divided.

Qualified Plans (401k and 403b)

Qualified retirement plans like 401(k)s and 403(b)s are governed by federal law. To divide these, you need a specialized court order known as a Qualified Domestic Relations Order (QDRO). A QDRO instructs the plan administrator to segregate a specific portion of the account for the non-employee spouse.

  • Tax-Free Transfer: When done correctly via a QDRO, the transfer of funds to the ex-spouse’s IRA is not a taxable event.
  • Deferred Taxation: The receiving spouse only pays taxes when they eventually withdraw the money from their own account.
  • Survivor Benefits: It is vital to address survivor benefits to ensure the ex-spouse retains rights to the funds if the employee spouse passes away before the transfer is complete.

Defined Benefit Plans (Pensions)

Traditional pensions are less common today but remain prevalent among older generations, particularly for West Virginia teachers, state employees, and industrial workers. Valuing a pension is complex because it promises a future stream of income rather than a current cash balance.

  • Shared Interest Approach: The non-employee spouse receives a percentage of each monthly check once the retiree begins collecting.
  • Separate Interest Approach: The pension is actuarially valued, and the non-employee spouse receives their share as a lump sum or a separate annuity, independent of the employee’s retirement date.

Individual Retirement Accounts (IRAs)

IRAs do not require a QDRO. They are divided using a mechanism called “transfer incident to divorce.” The divorce decree must specifically detail the division. The financial institution then moves the funds directly to the other spouse’s IRA. This is a tax-neutral transaction, provided the funds move directly from institution to institution.

Complex Executive Compensation and Stock Options

High-net-worth divorces often involve compensation packages that go beyond a simple salary. Executives and professionals may hold stock options, Restricted Stock Units (RSUs), or deferred compensation plans. These assets present unique challenges because they may not be fully “vested” at the time of the divorce.

Valuing Unvested Assets

The court must determine what portion of unvested stock options is marital property. If the stock options were granted for past performance during the marriage, they are likely fully marital. If they were granted as an incentive for future work, a portion may be considered separate property.

The Callahan Trust Concept

In some cases, it is impossible to value stock options accurately until they vest. A constructive trust (sometimes referenced in legal concepts similar to Callahan v. Callahan) may be used. The employee spouse holds the options in trust for the non-employee spouse. When the options vest and are exercised, the proceeds are then divided according to the divorce agreement. This approach shares the risk and the reward of the stock’s future performance between both parties.

Handling Real Estate and Vacation Properties

Wealthy couples in West Virginia often own multiple properties. This might include a primary residence in Charleston or Morgantown, a vacation home at Snowshoe or The Greenbrier, or perhaps a winter home in a warmer climate.

The Primary Residence

In a gray divorce, the emotional attachment to the family home can be strong, but keeping it may not be financially prudent. The cost of maintenance, taxes, and utilities can drain retirement resources.

  • Selling and Splitting: The cleanest option financially is often to sell the home and divide the proceeds.
  • Buyout: One spouse keeps the home and “buys out” the other’s share by trading other assets, such as a larger share of the investment portfolio.
  • Deferred Sale: Occasionally, couples agree to co-own the property for a set period, though this requires high levels of cooperation.

Vacation Homes and Investment Properties

Second homes often carry significant capital gains tax liabilities if they have appreciated in value over decades. When dividing these properties, it is essential to calculate the “after-tax” value. A vacation home worth $1 million with a $200,000 cost basis is worth significantly less than a bank account containing $1 million in cash, due to the looming capital gains tax upon sale.

Mineral Rights, Royalties, and Land Wealth

West Virginia has a unique asset class that rarely appears in divorces in other states: mineral rights. Many families own oil, gas, or coal rights passed down through generations. These interests can generate substantial monthly royalties or may be dormant but valuable.

Determining Marital vs. Separate Nature

The first step is tracing the ownership. If one spouse inherited the mineral rights, they are typically separate property. However, if the couple used marital funds to pay taxes on the land, or if the income from the royalties was commingled with joint accounts, the distinction can blur.

Valuation Challenges

Valuing mineral rights is notoriously difficult. It relies on fluctuating commodity prices and production estimates.

  • Appraisals: Hiring a geological expert or specialized appraiser to estimate the present value of future reserves.
  • Income Method: Averaging the royalty income over a period (e.g., five years) to determine a lump-sum value for buyout purposes.
  • In-Kind Division: Instead of valuing and buying out, the court may order the ownership of the mineral rights to be retitled so that both spouses receive their share of future royalty checks directly from the energy company. This avoids the risk of incorrect valuation.

Spousal Support Considerations in Long-Term Marriages

Alimony, or spousal support, is a significant component of gray divorce. In a marriage lasting 30 or 40 years, one spouse may have sacrificed their career to support the family, leaving them with limited earning capacity in their senior years.

Determining Alimony

West Virginia courts consider several factors when awarding support:

  • Length of Time: Longer marriages create a stronger presumption for spousal support.
  • Standard of Living: The court aims to allow both parties to maintain a standard of living reasonably comparable to what they enjoyed during the marriage.
  • Income Disparity: Significant gaps in Social Security benefits or pension income often necessitate support payments to equalize cash flow.

Permanent vs. Rehabilitative Support

In late-life divorces, “rehabilitative” support (meant to help a spouse get back into the workforce) is often inappropriate. Instead, courts may award permanent spousal support, which continues until the death of either party or the remarriage of the recipient. Alternatively, couples may negotiate a lump-sum alimony buyout to avoid ongoing entanglements.

Life Insurance and Securing Future Payments

When spousal support or a property buyout involves payments over time, the recipient faces a risk: what happens if the paying spouse dies? In gray divorce, this risk is elevated due to age.

Securing the Obligation

It is standard practice to require the paying spouse to maintain a life insurance policy with the ex-spouse named as the beneficiary. This ensures that if the paying spouse passes away, the support payments or buyout obligations are covered by the insurance proceeds.

  • Existing Policies: Transferring ownership of an existing whole life or term policy is often easier than qualifying for new insurance at an older age.
  • Irrevocable Life Insurance Trusts (ILIT): For high-net-worth estates, using a trust to hold the insurance policy can provide tax benefits and control over how the proceeds are distributed.

Social Security and Medicare Implications

Federal benefits play a vital role in the post-divorce financial plan. While these are not divided by a state court judge, federal law provides specific protections for divorced spouses.

Social Security Claiming Strategies

If a marriage lasted at least 10 years, a divorced spouse is generally eligible to claim Social Security benefits based on their ex-spouse’s earnings record.

  • The 50% Rule: You can receive up to 50% of your ex-spouse’s full retirement benefit.
  • No Impact on Ex-Spouse: Your claim does not reduce the benefit your ex-spouse receives, nor does it affect the benefits of their current spouse if they have remarried.
  • Survivor Benefits: If your ex-spouse dies, you may be eligible for survivor benefits of up to 100% of their benefit amount.

Medicare and Health Insurance

Divorce is a qualifying life event that results in the loss of coverage under a spouse’s employer plan. If you are 65 or older, you can transition to Medicare. If you are younger than 65, you must bridge the gap.

  • COBRA: This allows you to stay on your ex-spouse’s employer plan for up to 36 months, though you must pay the full premium plus a small administrative fee.
  • Marketplace Plans: The Affordable Care Act marketplace provides options for those not yet eligible for Medicare.

Estate Planning and Beneficiary Updates

A divorce decree dissolves the marriage, but it does not automatically rewrite your will or change your beneficiary designations on every account. One of the most critical steps in a gray divorce is updating your estate plan.

Immediate Actions Required

  • Update Wills and Trusts: Ensure your assets go to your chosen beneficiaries (often your children) rather than your ex-spouse.
  • Power of Attorney: Revoke documents that give your ex-spouse the authority to make medical or financial decisions for you.
  • Beneficiary Designations: Manually update life insurance policies, IRAs, 401(k)s, and transfer-on-death (TOD) accounts. In many states, divorce automatically revokes a spouse as a beneficiary, but relying on this statute is risky. Federal accounts like 401(k)s often preempt state law, meaning the ex-spouse could still inherit if the name is not changed.

The Importance of Experienced Legal Counsel

Gray divorce involves a convergence of family law, estate planning, tax strategy, and retirement planning. The decisions made during this process are often irrevocable and will define the quality of life for your remaining years. The Pence Law Firm focuses on helping West Virginians through these sophisticated legal matters. We understand that you are not just ending a marriage; you are restructuring a lifetime of accumulation. We work with forensic accountants, appraisers, and financial planners to ensure every asset is discovered, valued correctly, and divided fairly.

Call our office at 304-345-7250 or reach out online to schedule a consultation. We are here to provide the clarity and advocacy you need to move forward with confidence.

Child Support for High-Net-Worth Families: Beyond State Guidelines

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Divorce presents profound financial and emotional challenges for any family. When affluent parents with substantial assets and complex income streams decide to separate, the issue of child support moves beyond simple formulas into a more nuanced and demanding arena. In West Virginia, as in many states, standard child support guidelines are designed for families with typical income levels. For high-net-worth individuals, these guidelines often represent the starting point of the conversation, not the conclusion.

Arranging for child support in a high-asset context is not merely about covering a child’s basic needs. It is about ensuring the child continues to benefit from the financial advantages they would have enjoyed had the marriage remained intact. This involves maintaining a specific standard of living, providing for unique educational and enrichment opportunities, and planning for long-term financial security. Navigating this process requires a detailed review of complex financial portfolios, a forward-thinking approach to future needs, and careful negotiation to craft a support agreement that is both fair and sustainable.

West Virginia’s Standard Child Support Model

To appreciate the complexities of high-income cases, one must first be familiar with the standard framework for child support in West Virginia. The state employs an “income shares” model to calculate child support obligations. This model is based on the premise that children should receive the same proportion of parental income from both parents that they would have received if the parents lived together.

The process typically involves these steps:

  • Combining Parental Income: The monthly gross incomes of both parents are added together.
  • Applying the Guidelines: This combined income figure is applied to a state-provided schedule, which outlines a basic child support obligation based on the income level and the number of children.
  • Prorating the Obligation: The total obligation is then divided between the parents in proportion to their respective shares of the combined income.
  • Adjustments: The court may then make adjustments for factors like health insurance premiums, work-related child care costs, and the parenting time schedule.

However, a significant limitation exists within this framework. The West Virginia child support guidelines have an income cap. When the combined adjusted gross income of the parents exceeds the highest level specified in the state’s chart, the formulaic calculation is no longer presumed to be appropriate. At this point, the determination of child support becomes a matter for the court’s discretion, guided by the child’s best interests and the specific circumstances of the family.

Moving Beyond the Guidelines in High-Asset Cases

When parental income surpasses the state’s guideline maximum, West Virginia law permits courts to set child support awards on a case-by-case basis. The guiding principle shifts from a rigid formula to a more holistic evaluation aimed at serving the child’s best interests. This approach acknowledges that a simple extrapolation of the guidelines might result in a support amount that is either insufficient or excessive.

The primary objective becomes maintaining the child’s established standard of living. Courts will look at the lifestyle the child was accustomed to during the marriage. This includes the type of home they lived in, the schools they attended, the vacations they took, and the quality of their extracurricular and enrichment activities.

The goal is to minimize the disruption to the child’s life caused by the divorce. Therefore, the financial discovery and negotiation process must focus on documenting this lifestyle in detail to build a case for a support award that properly reflects it. This moves the discussion from a simple calculation to a comprehensive financial presentation.

Determining True Income for High-Net-Worth Individuals

For salaried employees, defining “income” is straightforward. For high-net-worth individuals, it is often far more complex. A significant portion of their wealth may come from varied and irregular sources, making a precise income calculation a major component of any high-asset child support case. Full financial transparency is paramount.

Common sources of income that require careful evaluation include:

  • Variable Compensation: This includes annual bonuses, performance-based commissions, and other non-guaranteed pay that can fluctuate significantly from year to year. Courts may look at a multi-year average to determine a representative income figure.
  • Business Ownership: For business owners, income is not just the salary they draw. It can include retained earnings, distributions, and other benefits paid for by the company. A forensic accountant may be needed to analyze business records to distinguish between legitimate business expenses and personal expenses being run through the company.
  • Investment Portfolios: Income from investments can include dividends, interest payments, and capital gains. It is important to assess both realized gains from the sale of assets and the potential income-generating capacity of the portfolio as a whole.
  • Stock Options and Restricted Stock Units (RSUs): These forms of executive compensation have unique valuation and vesting schedules that must be properly analyzed to determine when they should be classified as income for child support purposes.
  • Trusts and Inheritances: Income received from a family trust or other inheritances may be considered for child support calculations. Even if the principal of a trust is protected, the distributions it generates are often viewed as available income.

Given these complexities, arriving at an accurate income figure often requires the involvement of financial professionals, such as forensic accountants and business valuation analysts, who can provide objective assessments for the court.

Cataloging and Allocating Extraordinary Expenses

Basic child support is intended to cover essential needs like food, housing, and clothing. In high-net-worth families, the child’s needs and accustomed lifestyle often include a range of “add-on” or extraordinary expenses that fall outside this basic scope. A comprehensive child support agreement must identify these expenses and clearly define how they will be paid.

Common extraordinary expenses include:

  • Private Education: The cost of private elementary, middle, or high school tuition, including fees, books, and uniforms.
  • Enrichment and Extracurricular Activities: This broad category can include costs for competitive sports teams, private music or arts lessons, tutoring, academic coaches, summer camps, and international travel programs.
  • Higher Education: While West Virginia law does not automatically obligate a parent to pay for college, parents can and often do negotiate a binding agreement to contribute to or fully cover the costs of undergraduate and even postgraduate education.
  • Healthcare: Beyond basic health insurance premiums, this includes payments for unreimbursed medical, dental, orthodontic, vision, and therapeutic expenses (such as counseling or physical therapy).
  • Transportation: For older children, this may include the cost of a car, car insurance, and associated maintenance.
  • Travel: Costs associated with maintaining family relationships, such as airfare for a child to visit a parent who lives in another state or country.

These expenses should be specifically itemized in the final settlement agreement, with clear terms regarding which parent is responsible for payment or how the cost will be shared.

Methods for Structuring High-Value Child Support Awards

Because high-asset child support involves more than a simple monthly check, the structure of the award can be tailored to meet the family’s unique needs. This provides predictability for the parents and ensures that funds designated for the child are used appropriately.

Several structures can be employed:

  • Direct Payments: The paying parent makes a fixed monthly payment to the receiving parent to cover basic living expenses and a portion of the agreed-upon variable costs.
  • Third-Party Payments: For major expenses like tuition or camp fees, the support order can direct the paying parent to make payments directly to the school, service provider, or organization. This provides a clear paper trail and ensures the funds are used for their intended purpose.
  • Child Support Trusts: In cases involving very substantial sums, parents may establish a trust to manage and disburse child support funds. A trustee (who can be a neutral third party like a bank or attorney) is appointed to manage the assets and make payments for pre-approved expenses outlined in the trust document. This can provide long-term financial management and protection for the child’s support funds.
  • Securing the Obligation with Life Insurance: To guarantee that child support will continue even in the event of the paying parent’s death, a divorce settlement will often require that parent to maintain a life insurance policy. The policy names the child or a trust for the child’s benefit as the beneficiary, with a death benefit sufficient to cover the total remaining support obligation.

Amending or Enforcing Complex Support Orders

A child support order is not necessarily permanent. As life circumstances change, the order may need to be modified. Likewise, if one parent fails to comply with the terms of a detailed support agreement, enforcement actions may be necessary.

  • Modification of Child Support: A parent seeking to change a child support order must demonstrate a “substantial change in circumstances” since the last order was entered. In a high-income context, this could mean a significant and involuntary loss of income for the paying parent (e.g., a business failure) or, conversely, a massive increase in income that might warrant an upward modification to allow the child to share in the newfound prosperity. It could also relate to a major change in the child’s needs, such as a medical diagnosis requiring expensive long-term care.
  • Enforcement of Support: If a parent fails to make direct payments or refuses to cover their share of an agreed-upon extraordinary expense, the other parent can petition the court for assistance. The court has numerous tools to enforce its orders, from wage garnishment to holding a non-compliant parent in contempt. For complex agreements involving third-party payments or trusts, the settlement document must be drafted with precision to ensure its terms are clear and enforceable.

Charting Your Course with Pence Law Firm

Arranging for child support in a high-asset divorce in West Virginia requires careful planning and dedicated legal advocacy. At the Pence Law Firm, we are prepared to discuss the unique details of your situation and what you hope to achieve for your children and your own financial future. Our team is committed to helping you navigate the complexities of West Virginia family law to establish a clear and comprehensive path forward.

To schedule a confidential consultation, we invite you to contact us online or call our team directly at 304-345-7250. Let us help you lay a strong foundation for your new beginning.

What Are the Four A’s That Usually Cause a Divorce?

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West Virginia couples are no strangers to the challenges that come with a divorce. It’s important to understand the common reasons that lead couples to this point—it can help couples avoid common pitfalls, and when divorce is on the table, it can help both parties know when it’s time to be done.

As you learn more about the four a’s of divorce, make sure you have the legal representation you deserve as you go through this difficult time. Call Pence Law Firm at 304-345-7250 to schedule your consultation now.

 The Four A’s of Divorce

While every marriage faces its unique challenges, certain recurring issues—collectively known as the “Four A’s”—tend to play a significant role in the decision to part ways. These include:

  • Adultery: Adultery occurs when one spouse engages in a sexual or emotionally inappropriate relationship outside the marriage. Such acts can betray the trust that is fundamental to a strong partnership, causing emotional pain and irreparable harm. In West Virginia, physical adultery is grounds for divorce and can affect decisions regarding alimony and asset division.
  • Addiction: Addiction can manifest in various forms, including substance abuse, gambling, technology dependence, or other compulsive behaviors. When a partner is struggling with addiction, it can strain the relationship through financial instability and neglect of familial responsibilities. The ripple effects of addiction often lead to emotional distress for the entire family.
  • Abuse: Abuse within a marriage can take many forms—physical, emotional, or psychological—and none of it is ever acceptable. Physical abuse involves acts of violence, while emotional abuse may include humiliation, control, or constant criticism. Psychological abuse often relies on manipulation and intimidation.
  • Abandonment: Abandonment happens when one spouse leaves the marital relationship without any intention of returning. This can leave the other partner feeling isolated and uncertain about their future.

While there are many other issues that can lead to divorce—finances, religious differences, and changes in life goals, to name a few—the Four A’s cover many of the most common issues.

 Adultery

Adultery is when one spouse engages in a sexual or emotionally inappropriate relationship with someone outside the marriage. This act can cause deep emotional pain and break the trust that holds a marriage together. In West Virginia, physical adultery is considered grounds for divorce, which means it can affect decisions about alimony and how assets are divided. If your spouse has been unfaithful, it’s important to know your legal rights and options. Many people feel a mix of anger, sadness, and betrayal when faced with this issue.

 Addiction

Addiction can take many forms, such as alcohol, drugs, gambling, or even excessive use of technology. When one partner is struggling with addiction, it can create major challenges in a marriage. Financial problems often arise due to the costs associated with the addiction, and emotional distress can affect the entire family. Addiction can lead to neglect, where the addicted partner becomes more focused on their habit than their responsibilities to their spouse and family. In the legal process, addiction may influence decisions related to child custody and property division. If you or your spouse is dealing with addiction, it’s essential to seek help. There are many resources available, such as counseling and support groups, which can provide assistance.

Abuse

Abuse in a marriage can be physical, emotional, or psychological, and it’s important to understand that none of it is acceptable or excusable. Physical abuse involves hitting, slapping, or other forms of violence. Emotional abuse can include constant criticism, humiliation, or controlling behavior. Psychological abuse might involve manipulation or intimidation. West Virginia law offers protection for those facing abuse, such as restraining orders or legal separation. Note that although abuse is a legal reason for fault divorce in West Virginia, you do not have to go this route. Some abuse victims do opt for no-fault divorce simply to get the process finished more quickly and protect their peace. Your divorce attorney can help you decide which path is better for you.

Abandonment

Abandonment happens when one spouse leaves the marriage without any intention of coming back. This can be incredibly painful and leave the remaining partner feeling alone and confused. Legally, abandonment is considered a valid reason for divorce in West Virginia. If you find yourself in this situation, it’s important to understand the steps you can take to protect yourself and your rights. Seeking legal advice can help you navigate the process and ensure that your interests are represented. Additionally, emotional support from friends, family, or a counselor can be crucial during this difficult time.

 Explore Your Legal Options with Pence Law Firm

If you’re ready to take the next step and start the divorce process, let’s talk about your priorities and how you hope to navigate this challenging time. Schedule a consultation with our divorce attorneys now—contact us online or call us at 304-345-7250 to set up a time to talk.

What Assets Are Untouchable in a Divorce?

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Protecting Family Businesses During a West Virginia Divorce

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Divorce is a challenging process, especially when a family business is part of the equation. It’s essential to recognize that a family business often holds more than just financial value; it can symbolize years of dedication and effort. Understanding how divorce can affect your business will help you take the necessary steps to protect it.

The team at Pence Law Firm can advocate for you as you aim to protect your best interests during divorce. Give us a call at 304-345-7250 to set up a time to discuss your case with our team.

Legal Factors in West Virginia

In West Virginia, divorce laws impact how family business assets are divided. The state is an equitable distribution site. This means that marital assets—including businesses started or acquired during the marriage—are divided fairly in a way that considers both parties’ contributions and needs.

Various factors influence this distribution, such as the duration of the marriage, the contribution of each spouse to the business, and the economic circumstances of both parties. Knowing these factors will help you anticipate potential outcomes and prepare accordingly.

Assessing the Value of the Family Business

Determining the value of your family business is important during a divorce. An accurate valuation helps both parties understand the business’s worth, which is essential for fair division. To achieve this, several methods can be used. You may use the discounted cash flow method, which is based on the company’s expected income generation in the future. The enterprise value looks at a company’s debt, equity, and cash to determine the business’s value. The right method depends on the type of business you own, how stable its income is, and numerous other factors.

Approaches for Business Distribution

There are several common methods to divide a family business during a divorce. One option is for one spouse to buy out the other’s share, allowing the business to continue under one owner. Another possibility is to sell the business and divide the proceeds. Alternatively, both spouses may choose to co-own the business post-divorce, though this requires a strong professional relationship. Each option comes with its own set of pros and cons, and it’s important to weigh these carefully.

 

Safeguarding Business Interests

Protecting your business during a divorce requires proactive steps. One effective strategy is to draft a prenuptial or post-nuptial agreement, which can clearly outline what happens to the business in the event of a divorce. This can prevent disputes and ensure your intentions are honored. Keeping detailed records of your business activities, finances, and ownership is also vital. These records can serve as evidence of the business’s value and your contribution to it.

Additionally, it’s important to separate personal and business finances as much as possible. Mixing them can complicate the division process and potentially harm your business.

Planning for the Future

Once your divorce is finalized, it’s important to look ahead and plan for the future of your family business. Start by assessing the current state of your business and identifying any immediate needs or changes. This might include redefining roles and responsibilities to ensure that the business runs smoothly without interruption.

Consider developing a clear and detailed business plan that outlines your goals and strategies moving forward. This plan should include both short-term and long-term objectives, helping you stay focused and organized. It’s also a good idea to review your business’s financial health, including any debts or obligations that need to be addressed.

Communication is key during this period. Make sure to keep an open line of dialogue with employees, partners, and any other stakeholders. Keeping everyone informed about changes and future plans can help maintain trust and stability within the business.

By taking these proactive steps, you can help ensure that your family business not only survives but thrives, even after significant personal changes. This forward-thinking approach can pave the way for continued success and stability.

Choose Pence Law Firm for Your Charleston Divorce

Although divorce is never easy, you can limit your stress and anxiety with the help of the right legal team. Let’s talk more about your divorce and what you hope to get from it. Just contact us online or call our team at 304-345-7250 to schedu

Crafting Prenuptial Agreements for Blended Families

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A strong prenuptial agreement can explain how money and property will be divided if the couple gets divorced or if one partner passes away. While these contracts are widely recommended for engaged couples, they are particularly important for blended families where both parents want to protect their children’s best interests. However, drafting a prenup for a blended family does bring up some unique questions—and that’s why it’s important to talk to an attorney.

At Pence Law Firm, we know how important it is to you to ensure a smooth transition into life as a blended family. We can help. Learn more about our prenuptial agreement services by calling us at 304-345-7250.

Special Factors to Consider When Finalizing a Prenuptial Agreement for a Blended Family

Blended families face specific challenges that complicate financial planning. One major concern is ensuring financial security for children from previous relationships. Each partner may have distinct financial obligations and expectations regarding their children, and addressing these concerns upfront is essential.

Clear communication and planning are important. Partners need to openly discuss their financial situations, expectations, and obligations to prevent misunderstandings and conflicts later on.

It’s also important to address the division of assets brought into the marriage. Blended families often involve different sets of financial histories and assets, which can make the division of property more complicated. Being specific about what belongs to whom and how assets will be managed can prevent disputes.

Additionally, consider how to handle ongoing financial responsibilities like child support from previous relationships. These obligations must be clearly outlined to avoid any future conflicts.

Essential Components to Incorporate in a Prenuptial Agreement

When creating a prenuptial agreement for a blended family, there are several key components to consider. First, outline how property and assets will be divided. Clearly state which assets are individual property and which are shared to avoid future disputes. This clarity is vital when significant assets are brought into the marriage.

Another important component is the protection of children’s interests from previous relationships. Specify how assets will be allocated to support these children and outline inheritance plans to ensure they are provided for.

Additionally, the agreement should address any financial obligations from past relationships, such as child support. This ensures that these responsibilities are clear and prevents conflicts down the road.

Finally, consider how to handle ongoing financial responsibilities and future changes, like additional children or major shifts in financial circumstances. This can help keep the agreement relevant and fair over time.

Steps to Formulate a Prenuptial Agreement

Start by having an open conversation with your partner about your financial expectations and responsibilities. Discuss your goals, how you plan to handle existing obligations, and the importance of protecting the interests of children from previous relationships. Transparency is key to building trust and ensuring both parties feel heard.

Next, make a list of your assets and debts. Clearly distinguish between what you each brought into the marriage and what you plan to acquire together. This will help outline what is considered individual property and what will be shared, reducing the chance of future disagreements.

It’s also important to think about how you will manage ongoing financial responsibilities, such as child support from previous relationships. Addressing these obligations upfront can prevent misunderstandings later on.

Consider the possibility of future changes and discuss these scenarios in advance. This will make it easier to update the agreement as needed. Regularly reviewing the prenuptial agreement can help ensure it remains fair and relevant.

Finally, seek legal advice to make sure your agreement is both legally sound and enforceable. A lawyer can provide valuable guidance and help draft an agreement that reflects the interests and intentions of both partners. They can also facilitate open discussions, ensuring transparency and fairness throughout the process.

Some states require that both parties have their own attorney review the prenuptial agreement to ensure its fairness. West Virginia does not have this requirement; a prenup must just be in writing and signed voluntarily by both parties. However, it is highly recommended that both parties have an attorney review the prenup to ensure that their interests are protected.

Choose Pence Law Firm for Your Legal Needs

The team at Pence Law Firm can help you navigate your prenuptial agreement and lay the foundation for a strong and healthy marriage. Contact us online or call us at 304-345-7250 to get started.

 

The Pros and Cons of Mediation vs. Litigation in High Asset Divorce Cases

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High-asset divorce cases can be complex and emotionally charged. When significant financial assets are at stake, choosing the right approach to resolving the divorce is crucial. Two common methods for handling these types of divorces are mediation and litigation. Each has its advantages and disadvantages, depending on the specifics of your situation.

Wondering how you should approach your West Virginia divorce? The team at Pence Law Firm can help. Call us at 304-345-7250 to set up a consultation now.

Mediation and Litigation in High Asset Divorces in West Virginia

Mediation and litigation offer two distinct pathways for resolving disputes in high-asset divorces. Mediation involves both parties working together with a neutral mediator to reach a mutual agreement. This process is more private and informal, focusing on cooperation and compromise.

Conversely, litigation takes place in a courtroom, where a judge makes the final decisions. This method is more formal, public, and often contentious. Understanding the differences between these approaches is essential when dealing with the division of substantial assets. Mediation emphasizes collaboration and can be less costly, while litigation ensures legal oversight and can address issues of transparency and fairness.

Pros of Mediation in High-Asset Divorce Cases in West Virginia

One of the main advantages of mediation in high-asset divorce cases is its ability to foster open communication and cooperation. This can help maintain a civil relationship between the parties involved, which is particularly beneficial if children are part of the equation.

Another significant benefit is cost-effectiveness. Mediation often proves to be less expensive than litigation, as it avoids the need for a prolonged court battle, thus saving on legal fees and other associated expenses. Additionally, the process tends to be faster, enabling both parties to move on with their lives more quickly.

Mediation also offers a higher degree of control over the final agreement. Instead of leaving crucial decisions to a judge, both parties work together to find mutually acceptable solutions. This collaborative approach can lead to more tailored and satisfactory outcomes.

Cons of Mediation in High-Asset Divorce Cases

While mediation has many advantages, it is not always the right choice for everyone. One major downside is that both parties need to be willing to work together and compromise. If one spouse is not cooperative or is hiding assets, mediation can quickly become ineffective and unfair.

Additionally, power imbalances can be a problem. If one spouse is more financially savvy or more assertive, they may dominate the discussions, leading to an agreement that isn’t truly fair. This can be especially problematic in high-asset divorces where the stakes are high.

Pros of Litigation in High-Asset Divorce Cases

Litigation provides a structured environment where a judge makes decisions based on legal principles, ensuring a fair division of assets. This is especially important in high-asset divorces, where complex financial matters need clear legal oversight.

For cases involving significant conflict or lack of trust, litigation requires full disclosure of financial information from both parties, which can uncover hidden assets and ensure transparency. This formal setting helps to level the playing field, making sure both parties are honest and forthcoming.

Legal representation is another key advantage. In litigation, each party has the right to an attorney who can advocate for their interests. This is particularly beneficial if one party lacks the confidence or knowledge to negotiate effectively on their own.

Additionally, the court orders that come from litigation are legally enforceable. This means that if one party fails to comply with the terms of the agreement, the other party can seek enforcement through the legal system, providing a layer of security and assurance that can be critical in high-asset cases.

Cons of Litigation in High-Asset Divorce Cases

One of the significant drawbacks of litigation is its high cost. Legal fees can quickly escalate, especially when dealing with complex financial assets that may require expert testimony or additional legal resources. This can put a significant financial strain on both parties.

The litigation process is also time-consuming. Court schedules and legal procedures can lead to lengthy delays, often prolonging the emotional and financial stress involved in a high-net-worth divorce. This extended timeline can be frustrating for both parties as they wait for a resolution.

Finally, the public nature of court proceedings means that personal and financial details become part of the public record. This lack of privacy can be uncomfortable, especially for those who value discretion regarding their financial affairs.

Choose Pence Law Firm for Your Divorce Case

Whichever way you decide to proceed with your divorce, the team at Pence Law Firm is here to help you get started. Call us at 304-345-7250 or get in touch online

The Role of Prenuptial Agreements in Protecting Family Heirlooms and Assets

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Prenuptial agreements, often referred to as prenups, are legal documents that couples sign before getting married to establish the financial terms of their marriage in case of divorce. While prenups are commonly associated with protecting assets, they can also play a crucial role in safeguarding family heirlooms and possessions with sentimental value.

Wondering if a prenuptial agreement is necessary and how you can explore your options? Let’s talk. Call Pence Law Firm at 304-345-7250 to set up a consultation right away.

Understanding Prenuptial Agreements

Prenuptial agreements are essentially plans for how a couple will divide their assets, including money and property if they ever decide to go their separate ways. These agreements can cover a lot of ground: who owns what, how debts will be handled, and even if one person might receive financial support from the other after a divorce. The key idea here is to get these decisions made ahead of time. That way, if things don’t work out, there’s no big fight over who gets what—everything’s already been agreed upon. 

For those who have special items, like a family heirloom or a piece of property they really care about, prenups are a way to make sure these stay in the family or with the person who brought them into the marriage. To make a prenup work, it has to follow the rules, which can vary depending on where you live. That’s why talking to a West Virginia attorney who knows the ins and outs can make sure your prenup does what you need it to do.

The Importance of Protecting Your Family Heirlooms

Family heirlooms are more than just objects. They are stories, memories, and legacies wrapped up in physical form. These treasures, passed down from generation to generation, might include your grandmother’s wedding ring, a century-old family portrait, or a handcrafted antique clock. They carry immense sentimental value and are irreplaceable parts of a family’s history. When a marriage comes to an end, the question of who gets these heirlooms can lead to heartache and disputes. 

A well-thought-out prenuptial agreement can serve as a safeguard, ensuring that such precious items stay where they belong – within the family lineage. By clearly listing these heirlooms and specifying their fate in a prenup, couples can prevent future disagreements and ensure that these symbols of family heritage are preserved for future generations. It’s a way of honoring the past while protecting the future, making certain that these items of emotional significance continue to tell their stories for many more years to come.

You may think that this issue won’t arise—why would someone want another person’s family heirlooms after a divorce? Unfortunately, divorce can make people act very out of character. It’s not uncommon for someone to fight for a family heirloom or antique simply as a way to hurt their ex, even if they aren’t actually invested in keeping it.

Legal Considerations for Prenuptial Agreements

It’s important to recognize that you can’t put anything you want into a prenuptial agreement. West Virginia law lays out specific requirements for legally enforceable prenups, and ignoring these requirements can leave you with a prenuptial agreement that’s nothing more than a piece of paper. In West Virginia, a prenup must be in writing and signed by both parties. Furthermore, both parties must have had the chance to seek legal counsel. Your prenuptial agreement may include terms discussing your financial obligations after marriage and the division of assets, but it cannot discuss issues like child support and custody. 

Those topics and the decisions made by the court are based on the interests of the child—not a legal document. Essentially, you can’t waive your child’s rights via a prenup. Finally, a prenuptial agreement is not legally enforceable if the court determines that it was signed under duress or coercion. This may be the case if, for example, one spouse presents it to the other immediately before a wedding, threatening them with canceling the wedding if they don’t sign immediately. This is not something done in good faith, nor does it give the other party time to review it.

Discuss Your Next Steps with Pence Law Firm

Whether you want to draft a prenuptial agreement or review one presented to you, Pence Law Firm is here to help. Set up your consultation now by calling us at 304-345-7250 or contacting us online.

Does Child Support Cover Your Kid’s Extracurricular Activities?

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Raising a child is expensive. Even when you use secondhand kids’ items, choose hand-me-down clothes, and use other resources available to you, raising a child to adulthood costs hundreds of thousands of dollars. When you add in extracurricular activities, the bill gets even higher. This raises the question: how are extracurricular activities handled when it comes to child support?

Learn more about what state law says and how you can plan ahead for your child’s extracurricular activities. To learn more about your options, call Pence Law Firm at 304-345-7250.

What Child Support Covers

Child support in West Virginia covers a wide enrage of expenses. At its core, it covers the basic expenses associated with raising a child—housing them, feeding them, and ensuring that their basic medical needs are met. It also covers the expenses that routinely come up for parents, such as clothing, school supplies, and hygiene items. However, beyond the basic child support obligation, there are other expenses that child support may cover. 

For example, if a child has extraordinary medical needs, a child support order may include additional money for those expenses. This is common for children with serious diagnoses or disabilities. Child support may also include money for daycare and other types of childcare that are required for the parents to work.

Calculating Child Support in West Virginia

There are a few different ways to calculate child support, and each state has the right to set its own calculations and procedures. West Virginia starts with the assumption that both parents are responsible for meeting their child’s financial needs. They calculate child support based on the idea that both parents pay child support in a way that accounts for their custodial role and the amount of income they bring in. 

Let’s assume that the court looks at both parents’ income and determines that $600 is owed in child support. In this case, the parents have a traditional custody split where one parent has custody and the other has visitation. The parents’ combined monthly income is $2,000. The custodial parent brings in $500 per month or 25% of the joint income, so they pay 25% of that—$150. The non-custodial parent brings in $1,500 and is responsible for 75%, or $450. If you take 600 and subtract the custodial parent’s contribution, they will receive $450 from the non-custodial parent.

There are obviously cases that aren’t quite so cut-and-dry. For example, if the parenting time is closer to an equal split, the formula may be adjusted accordingly. The calculation may also be different if there are drastic income disparities or unusual circumstances.

Your Child’s Extracurricular Activities

What, then, does the law say about extracurricular activities? Extracurricular activities are not automatically accounted for in child support, but they also aren’t automatically split between the parents. That’s why it’s important to work with an attorney while drafting a parenting plan and divorce order. 

Even if your children are young now, they will have extracurricular expenses in the future—and if you don’t include a clause in your divorce order about paying for those extracurricular activities, the parent who signs them up will likely be left footing the bill. This can be difficult when one parent is passionate about their child pursuing their interests and the other simply wants to limit their financial losses. It’s especially important to address this matter if your children are already old enough to start extracurricular activities, as you know then just how expensive they can be. Your children shouldn’t be left having to skip out on activities they love because of a dispute between parents.

What to Do When Your Child Starts Extracurricular Activities

Keeping the lines of communication open is crucial. When your child starts getting interested in non-school activities, make sure you can help them explore their passions. Many parents can work together to come to an agreement regarding extracurricular scheduling and financial coverage. When you reach an impasse, it may be time to reach back out to your divorce attorney and figure out what your options are.

Discuss Your Case with Pence Law Firm

The team at Pence Law Firm is here to help you create or modify a child support order that meets your child’s needs. Find out how we can help now—just call us at 304-345-7250 or contact us online.